Of all the herbs and roots that might be considered “exotic”, ginseng is probably the most popular.  I know when I have conversations with people who don’t have an interest in alternative medicine its name seems to pop up the most.  For whatever reason it’s embedded itself in the popular vernacular when it comes to superfoods.

I’d bet $25 that most people don’t really know what it does, or even what it is.  It’s just one of those things that’s “really good for you!”

Let’s slay the mistaken perceptions, shall we?

Ginseng: One Name, Many Organisms

Ginseng isn’t one particular plant or root, or even a particular family of plants.  It’s just a collection of various shrubs across the world that are labeled as a form of ginseng when they exhibit some effects on human health, and even those are varied.

Originally ginseng referred to a family of plants called Panax ginseng.  Panax plants are also known as American Ginseng and Red Ginseng.  The other types got their name and were discovered to have remarkable health benefits.  Given the popularity of the ginseng name, it was the easiest way to label them.

What Does Ginseng Do?

To varying degrees the different types of ginseng have (or might have) the following health benefits:

• Improve physical performance
• Improve sexual performance
• Improve the body’s ability to adapt to metabolic stress
• Improve memory and other sorts of cognitive functioning
• Improve cellular health (inflammation, free radicals, protect against cancer, etc)

Keep in mind that not *every* form of ginseng does this, and ginseng does not have these benefits beyond the shadow of a doubt.  All I’m saying is that there have been at least a few well conducted studies or thereabouts that have demonstrated an ability for some type ginseng to have these benefits on some margin.

In many cases the doses you’d have to take of ginseng to get the desired effects would probably be much larger than what would be comfortable, and maybe even dangerous.

The Different Types of Ginseng

So with that all said here are the major types of ginseng that you can consume at your local health food store.

• American Ginseng – Panax Quinquefolius – Good for fighting fatigue, *possibly* improving sexual performance, and improving cellular health in general
• Red Ginseng – Panax Ginseng – The original one.  A good metabolic regulator that seems to perk up your cells in a variety of environments, including some forms of cancer.
• Indian Ginseng – Withania Somnifera – Has a variety of neuroprotective effects, might improve some forms of cognition, and likely a powerful anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory.
• Siberian Ginseng – Eleutherococcus Senticosus – Particularly good at allowing your body to cope with metabolic stress.  Cellular regulator, and provides a sustained energy boost/improvement in physical performance.  Also called eleuthero root.
• Brazilian Ginseng – Pfaffia Paniculata – Seems to improve physical performance somewhat, a few anti-cancer properties, and likely scavenges free radicals within the body.

Among these plants, american ginseng and red/korean ginseng are the only two that share the same two taxonomies.  The rest were given the name ginseng because it’s a popular term.  In general all of these plants are considered an “adaptogen”, which is a type of herb that mediates metabolic stress within the body.  I’ve written about adaptogens before. To this effect they have similar physiological properties, but I’d be careful about substituting one for the other if you’re consuming it for a specific health purpose.

In general the health benefits of ginseng range from “probably true” to “hard to say for sure, but things look promising.”  The claims about sexual performance are mostly speculative at this point, and the links between digesting different types of ginseng and improved athletic performance are pretty anecdotal.  Nothing to get too excited about.

If there is a common theme among the different ginseng plants it’s their ability to help mediate different types of cellular functions within the body.  Your body’s ability to react to physiological stress seem to perk up when it takes ginseng.

Side Effects and Dosage

Whenever you’re thinking about regularly taking a medicinal/metabolic herb, there are three dimensions you want to consider:

1. You want to take enough to observe a noticeable improvement in your body
2. You don’t want to take so much that you might put yourself at risk
3. You want to take it in the right form.  Often the nutrients of a plant are localized to a specific part of the plant (roots, leaves, bark, etc).

In the case of ginseng, somewhere between 200-500mg one to two times a day seems reasonable.  This falls into the range that was used in most studies that have revealed favorable results but is still considered safe.

Ginseng for the most part seems benign, but I know of two studies which have found Brazilian ginseng to cause discomfort if taken in amounts greater than what I recommended.  (See references 7 and 8).

Of course, use your own judgment and remember that I am not a doctor and I’m not giving medical advice! Better to be safe than sorry!

Also be careful if you’re mixing and matching different herbs that are metabolically potent.  I know in the past I have made myself nautious and tingly from taking different herbs together.

How To Take It

The nutrients of the ginseng plant are typically found in its roots, which you can see below. This is true for all types of ginseng.

For this reason I like to take a ginseng supplement only if it specifically states “Brazilian Ginseng root”, or something similar.  The phytonutrients found in ginseng are not available in the leaf.  I don’t recommend taking an extract that’s isolated ginsensides or something similar.  Isolated nutrients are an iffy bet.  Ginseng root that’s ground into a powder is the best bet if you want optimal nutrient absorption.

If you’re looking for a recipe idea to use with ginseng then consider my homemade energy drink which utilizes Brazilian and Siberian ginseng as part of its formula.

Where To Buy

Ginseng has been around as a supplement as long as supplements themselves have been around so it shouldn’t be all that hard to find one.  However, ginseng root powder that’s high quality can be a little harder to come by.  So here’s a handy reference chart for the price of one pound of the different types at three retailers where I buy a lot of supplements from: Amazon, Star-west botanicals, and Mountain Rose Herbs.

Type of Ginseng	1 Lb on Amazon	1 lb at Star-West Botanicals	1 lb at Mountain Rose Herbs
American Ginseng	69.98	38.17	$73.00
Red Ginseng	$58.02	57.17	$29.00
Indian Ginseng	$26.49	22.00	$12.00
Siberian Ginseng	$19.14	11.58	$8.00
Brazilian Ginseng	22.79	22.08	$14.00

As you can see, the prices can vary quite a bit.  For me, I draw two conclusions from the above table:

1).  It’s best to buy your herbs from a retailer that specializes in them.  The products are obscure enough that even large all-in-one retailers won’t carry them in sufficient quantity to get a good price.

2).  If I had to I’d buy siberian/brazilian/indian ginseng.  What’s ironic is that these types of ginseng are not the Panax form, so you could argue that they shouldn’t even count.  However, the benefits of the latter three are just as proven as American and Korean ginseng.  I sprinkle eleuthero root in my green tea in the morning and can immediately tell a difference in energy throughout the day.  It’s a proven adaptogen.

Comparing the Health Benefits

Most people buy different herbal supplements because of a particular conditon they’re looking to make go away.  Anyone who sells herbal products knows all about the typical questions you get when talking with an interested consumer.

“Does it help with X condition?”

“I’ve heard it helps cure X illness, is that true?”

If that’s your reason for looking at different types of ginseng, here’s another handy comparison table to let you find the best type of ginseng for your particular need. (Note: I am not a doctor!  This does not constitue medical advice!  Just my own findings from my own research.  Treat it however you want).

Type of Ginseng	Physical Performance	Sexual Performance	Anti-oxidant	Anti-inflammatory	Neuro-protective	PossiblyDangerous?
American Ginseng	yes	no	yes	yes	no	no
Korean Ginseng	no	yes	yes	yes	no	no
Siberian Ginseng	yes	no	yes	no	no	no
Indian Ginseng	no	no	yes	yes	yes	no
Brazilian Ginseng	yes	yes	yes	no	yes	yes

I worry that some of you might interpret this table in the wrong way.  It’s not gospel, and the ability of ginseng (or any herb for that matter) to significantly alter any condition is moderate and will require consistent dosage….more than what you’d get in an energy drink (and yes, energy drinks claiming the presence of ginseng are scammy).

So, with that said….I hope this is helpful, and please let me know if you have any questions!

Research and References

Duyant, Jhaley, et. al. “Effect of ashwagandha on lipid peroxidation in stress-induced animals”

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874197001517

Mishra, Lakshmi-Chandra, et. al. Scientific Basic for the Therapeutic Use of Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha): A Review.

URL:  http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/5/4/334.pdf

Tohda, Chihiro, et. al. “Scientific Basis for the Anti-Dimentia Drugs of Constituents from Ashwagandha”

URL:  http://utomir.lib.u-toyama.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10110/2316/1/%E5%92%8C%E6%BC%A205-suppl176.pdf

Kim KM, Kwon HS, Jeon SG, Park CH, Sohn SW, Kim DI, Kim SS, Chang YS, Kim YK, Cho SH, Min KU, Kim YY. Korean ginseng-induced occupational asthma and determination of IgE binding components. J Korean Med Sci. 2008 Apr;23(2):232-5. PubMed PMID: 18437005; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2526437

Caldas ED, Machado LL. Cadmium, mercury and lead in medicinal herbs in Brazil. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 Apr;42(4):599-603. PubMed PMID: 15019183

Panossian, A, et. al. “Plant Adaptogens III. Earlier and More Recent Aspects and Concepts of Their Mode of Action”  Phytomedicine. 1999 vol. 6(4) pgs. 287-300.

URL: http://www.scicompdf.se/rosenrot/panossian_1999.pdf